Police officials have also criticized the government for sidelining law enforcement during key stages of the process, warning that reduced security checks could increase the risk of fraud and abuse.
The Entire Scale of Migration Versus Democratic Consent
The migration plan was an exceptionally broad legalization program from the outset. Under the scheme, undocumented migrants who can demonstrate just five months of residence and have no criminal record become eligible for a renewable work permit, even without a pre-arranged job or previous employment history.
For many, the process could also open a pathway to Spanish citizenship after as little as two years of legal residence. If current estimates prove correct, the program would surpass Italy's 2002 amnesty of around 647,000 migrants to become Europe's largest regularization initiative in modern history, second only to the 2.7 million people legalized under US President Ronald Reagan's 1986 immigration reform.
This is taking place as Spain's foreign-born population has risen to more than one in five residents, with immigrants accounting for approximately 85% of all new jobs created in 2024. Less well known is the scale of migration from South America. More than one million residents of Madrid are now South American, while over four million South Americans have immigrated to Spain since 2008.
South American migrants also benefit from one of the fastest routes to Spanish citizenship. Under Spain’s Civil Code, nationals by origin of Ibero-American countries may apply for naturalization after just two years of legal and continuous residence, compared with the standard requirement of ten years for most other foreigners.
The preferential treatment reflects Spain’s historic, linguistic and cultural ties with its former colonies and does not require applicants to prove Spanish ancestry. Many are also able to retain their original nationality after becoming Spanish citizens.
Yet this historical connection has done little to soften public opposition to the government’s regularization plans. Some 66% of Spaniards reject the claim that migration will help pay for their pensions, while 80% of those aged 17 to 25 oppose the regularization program altogether.
Immigration Offers Only Temporary Relief
The expansion of migration plans comes a year after Spain's fiscal watchdog, the Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility (AIReF), argued that sustaining the country's pension system may require net immigration of around one million people every year.
The proposal, which echoes an earlier recommendation by the Bank of Spain, is based on the assumption that a much larger workforce would generate additional social security contributions. Public pension spending has already climbed to 14.6% of GDP and, according to AIReF, could reach 16.1% by 2050 without further reforms.
While Social Security Minister Elma Saiz insists the system is financially sustainable, AIReF President Cristina Herrero has warned that additional measures will be necessary to prevent further deterioration in the public finances.
However, AIReF also cautions that immigration alone cannot solve Spain's demographic and fiscal challenges. The watchdog argues that relying on large-scale migration would at best delay the need for structural pension reform while creating substantial new demands for housing, healthcare, education and other public services.
Spain already struggles to integrate around 400,000 migrants annually. A substantially larger influx would increase pressure on public services, housing and infrastructure while risking greater social tensions. Even if most newcomers find work relatively quickly, experts estimate that the initial fiscal burden could reach €5bn ($5.7bn) a year and would outweigh the additional tax revenues and pension contributions for years before any long-term economic benefits materialize.
In other words, immigration may delay the fiscal reckoning, but it cannot by itself secure Spain's welfare state, safeguard its pension system or reverse the demographic crisis at the root of both.
