Quietly, almost under the radar of the West, China has built the world’s largest aquaculture industry. Although it is not the world’s biggest consumer of fish per capita, seafood remains an important part of the Chinese diet. Across vast stretches of coastline and inland waters, fish, shellfish and crustaceans are raised on an industrial scale. But the country is already looking toward the future.
China has industrialized seafood production on a scale no other country has achieved. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the country is by far the world’s largest producer of aquatic animals, accounting for 36% of global production from aquaculture and capture fisheries combined in 2022.
Its dominance is even more striking in aquaculture. China accounts for around 56% of the world’s farmed aquatic animals, according to FAO data. For some individual products, the figures are extraordinary. The country’s share of global oyster production reached approximately 80% in 2022, according to research based on FAO FishStatJ data. In 2023 alone, it produced 6.67 million tonnes of oysters.
Technology is making this enormous system increasingly efficient and proving those bearish on the topic wrong.
To cut labor costs and increase yields, producers are turning to automation. Drones can monitor vast aquaculture sites, while artificial intelligence helps optimize feeding patterns and analyzes water conditions, including pH levels, temperature and oxygen concentrations. Sensors can identify changes that threaten stocks before they become visible to the human eye.
The result is increasingly a form of precision aquaculture: enormous quantities of seafood can be produced with fewer workers and increasingly sophisticated control over growing conditions.
From Ancient Carp Ponds to Industrial Aquaculture
China’s aquaculture revolution has surprisingly ancient roots.
The country's aquaculture began not in the ocean, but in freshwater. China was among the first regions in the world to practice fish farming, with its origins stretching back thousands of years.
Early farmers discovered that fish, particularly carp, could be raised rather than simply caught. Over successive centuries, pond construction, breeding and feeding became increasingly sophisticated. Around 475 BC, Fan Li wrote the Classic of Fish Culture, generally regarded as the earliest known detailed Chinese treatise on fish farming.
What began with carp raised in relatively simple freshwater ponds eventually expanded into lakes, rivers and coastal waters. Today, the difference is not simply technological. It is one of scale.
China’s rise has accompanied a transformation of the global seafood industry. In 2022, aquaculture overtook capture fisheries as the world’s largest source of aquatic animals for the first time. Global aquaculture produced 94.4 million tonnes of aquatic animals that year, according to the FAO.
But producing food at such intensity and quantity has consequences.
The Environmental Cost
Intensive aquaculture concentrates animals, feed and waste in relatively small areas. Feces and uneaten food release nitrogen and phosphorus, which can accumulate in surrounding waters.
A 2025 study of Qinglan Bay in Hainan found that intensive aquaculture contributed to nitrogen and phosphorus loads. In Sansha Bay, one of China’s major mariculture centers, research published in Marine Pollution Bulletin estimated that fish feed accounted for 52.8% of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and 33% of dissolved inorganic phosphorus inputs during the study period.
Excess nutrients can encourage eutrophication and rapid algal growth. When large quantities of algae die, decomposition consumes oxygen, potentially creating hypoxic conditions that harm fish and shellfish. Some algal species can also produce toxins.
But these are increasingly problems that producers are trying to engineer around. More precise feeding can reduce waste, while continuous sensors allow changes in water quality to be identified earlier.
Researchers in Sansha Bay have also found that combining fish with kelp and oysters can help remove unwanted nutrients from the water. Instead of treating every species as a separate crop, farms can potentially create systems in which the waste generated by one becomes an input for another.
As filter feeders, shellfish extract particles from the water, while seaweed absorbs dissolved nutrients as it grows. China’s enormous production of both gives it an unusual opportunity to experiment with aquaculture systems designed around several complementary species rather than a single intensive crop.
The technology is far from perfect, but the direction matters. Pollution from aquaculture is a problem that can potentially be reduced through better farm design, monitoring, feeding and waste management. The biological limits of a depleted wild fish population are harder to engineer away.
Why Farming the Ocean Matters
The alternative can be seen thousands of kilometers from China.
The country operates an enormous distant-water fishing fleet across the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. In 2020, Global Fishing Watch identified 615 industrial-scale vessels operating on the high seas west of South America. Around 95% were Chinese, and together they recorded more than 876,000 fishing hours.
Many targeted jumbo flying squid near the exclusive economic zones of Ecuador and Peru. The fishing is not necessarily illegal: vessels can operate legally beyond the 200-nautical-mile boundary. But squid migrate between national and international waters, meaning intensive fishing on the high seas can affect the same populations on which coastal fishermen depend.
At night, squid-jigging vessels illuminate the ocean with powerful lamps designed to attract their catch toward the surface. When hundreds congregate in the same area, the resulting concentrations of light can be detected from space.
This extraordinary fishing capacity helps explain why the aquaculture revolution matters. Technology has made humanity exceptionally good at finding and catching wild marine life. Farming offers another option: producing more of what people eat without requiring a corresponding increase in what is removed from the wild.
China is attempting this on a scale without precedent. It already produces more than half of the world’s farmed aquatic animals and around four out of every five oysters. The next challenge is to make that production cleaner.
If better sensors, feeding systems, offshore farms and multi-species cultivation can reduce pollution, aquaculture could allow seafood production to continue growing while giving natural fish populations more room to replenish. After thousands of years of catching food from the water, China is increasingly treating it as something that can be farmed, monitored and optimized. That may prove to be one of the more consequential changes in how the world feeds itself.